| Zusammenfassung | Observations on the diet and feeding behaviour of naturalised Yellow-headed Amazona oratrix and Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx and their hybrids were carried out in the city of Stuttgart, southwest Germany, the only European city known to host an established population. Food items taken ranged from bark, young shoots, flower and leaf buds, flowers, and seeds to fruit. Since the introduction of the Amazon Parrots in 1984, a total of 64 food plant taxa from 23 plant families were identified, amongst them 37 native taxa, and 27 non-native trees and shrubs. Food resources seem widely available for this naturalised population and therefore appear not to be a limiting factor for population growth. Some food items containing bitter and poisonous compounds are used exclusively by Amazon Parrots, reducing food competition with native birds.
Tabelle 1A – Von Amazonen in Stuttgart genutzte Pflanzenarten (heimisch)
| Pflanzenfamilie |
Wissenschaftlicher Name |
Deutscher Name |
Genutzte Teile |
Fruchtzustand |
| Adoxaceae |
Sambucus nigra |
Schwarzer Holunder |
Blatt/Nadel, Frucht/Samen |
unreif, trocken |
| Araliaceae |
Hedera helix |
Gewöhnlicher Efeu |
Rinde |
giftig, trocken |
| Betulaceae |
Corylus avellana |
Hasel |
Knospe, Frucht/Samen |
Steinfrucht, reif |
| Betulaceae |
Alnus spec. |
Erle |
Rinde |
reif |
| Cornaceae |
Cornus mas |
Kornelkirsche |
Frucht/Samen |
Steinfrucht, reif |
| Fagaceae |
Quercus robur |
Stieleiche |
frischer Austrieb, Rinde, Knospe, Frucht/Samen |
unreif |
| Fagaceae |
Quercus spec. |
Eiche |
Rinde, Knospe, Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Juglandaceae |
Juglans regia |
Walnuss |
Frucht/Samen |
unreif, reif |
| Malvaceae |
Tilia platyphyllos |
Sommerlinde |
frischer Austrieb |
Steinfrucht |
| Oleaceae |
Fraxinus excelsior |
Gemeine Esche |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus spec. |
Kiefer |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Pinaceae |
Picea spec. |
Fichte |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Ranunculaceae |
Clematis vitalba |
Waldrebe |
frischer Austrieb |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Malus domestica |
Kulturapfel |
Frucht/Samen |
Steinfrucht, trocken |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus avium |
Süßkirsche |
Frucht/Samen |
Steinfrucht, reif |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus domestica |
Pflaume |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Pyrus communis |
Birne |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Sorbus aria |
Mehlbeere |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Sorbus aucuparia |
Eberesche |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Crataegus monogyna |
Weißdorn |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Rubus spec. |
Brombeere |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Salicaceae |
Populus spec. |
Pappel |
Knospe, Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Salicaceae |
Salix spec. |
Weide |
Blatt/Nadel, Knospe?, Frucht/Samen? |
- |
| Sapindaceae |
Acer platanoides |
Spitzahorn |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Sapindaceae |
Acer pseudoplatanus |
Bergahorn |
Frucht/Samen |
trocken |
| Sapindaceae |
Aesculus hippocastanum |
Rosskastanie |
Knospe |
trocken, reif |
| Taxaceae |
Taxus baccata |
Eibe |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Ulmaceae |
Ulmus glabra |
Bergulme |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Viscum |
Viscum spec. |
Mispel auf Rubinien |
Frucht/Samen |
sehr giftig, reif |
Tabelle 1B – Von Amazonen in Stuttgart genutzte Pflanzenarten (nicht heimisch)
| Pflanzenfamilie |
Wissenschaftlicher Name |
Deutscher Name |
Genutzte Teile |
Fruchtzustand |
| Betulaceae |
Corylus colurna |
Baumhasel |
Knospe*, Knospe?, Frucht/Samen |
unreif, reif |
| Bignoniaceae |
Catalpa speciosa |
Trompetenbaum |
Frucht/Samen |
Steinfrucht |
| Cannabaceae |
Celtis occidentalis |
Zürgelbaum |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Cupressaceae |
Cupressus spec. |
Zypresse |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Cupressaceae |
Thuja occidentalis / T. plicata |
Lebensbaum |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Hamamelidaceae |
Parrotia persica |
Eisenholzbaum |
Knospe? |
- |
| Fabaceae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
Robinie |
Blatt/Nadel, Knospe?, Frucht/Samen? |
giftig, trocken |
| Juglandaceae |
Carya ovata |
Shagbark-Hickory |
Frucht/Samen |
unreif |
| Juglandaceae |
Pterocarya fraxinifolia |
Flügelnuss |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Moraceae |
Morus alba |
Weiße Maulbeere |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Moraceae |
Morus nigra |
Schwarze Maulbeere |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus nigra |
Östliche Schwarz-Kiefer |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Platanaceae |
Platanus × hispanica |
Platane |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Amelanchier sp. |
Felsenbirne |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus domestica 'Haganta' |
Haganta-Pflaume |
Frucht/Samen |
Steinfrucht, reif |
| Sapindaceae |
Aesculus × carnea |
Rote Kastanie |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Salicaceae |
Populus alba |
Silberpappel |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Sapindaceae |
Aesculus spec. |
Kastanie (div.) |
frischer Austrieb, Knospe |
reif |
| Ulmaceae |
Ulmus procera |
Englische Ulme |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
| Vitaceae |
Vitis vinifera |
Weinrebe |
Frucht/Samen |
reif |
|